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1、CHAPTER3MOLECULARANDCELLBIOLOGYTienC.Kobasescanvarytoencodedifferentgeneticinformation.ThehumangenomenucleotidesequencesoftheopposingstrandsofDNAarerecombinantdnatechnologycomplementarytoeachother,thusallowingtheformationofcellsignalinghydrogenbondsthatstabilizethedouble-helixst
2、ructure.Com-celldivisioncycleplementarybasepairsrequirethatAalwayspairswithTandCcelldeathalwayspairswithG.humangenomeprojectTheentirehumangeneticinformation,orhumangenome,9noveltreatmentstrategiescontains3×10nucleotidepairs.However,lessthan10%ofethical,psychological,andlegalimpl
3、icationstheDNAsequencesarecopiedintomessengerRNA(mRNA)molecules,whichencodeproteins,orstructuralRNA,suchastransferRNA(tRNA)orribosomalRNA(rRNA)molecules.Sincethe1980s,therehasbeenanexplosioninknowledgeEachnucleotidesequenceinaDNAmoleculethatdirectstheregardingmolecularandcellula
4、rbiology.TheseadvanceswillsynthesisofafunctionalRNAmoleculeiscalledagene(Fig.transformthepracticeofsurgerytoonethatisbasedonmolec-3-2).DNAsequencesthatdonotencodegeneticinformationulartechniquesfortheprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofmayhavestructuralorotherunknownfunctions.Hum
5、angenesmanysurgicaldiseases.Thishasbeenmadepossiblebythecommonlycontainmorethan100,000nucleotidepairs,yetachievementsoftheHumanGenomeProject,whichisintendedmostmRNAmolecule–encodingproteinsconsistofonly1000torevealthecompletegeneticinstructionofhumans.Thecorenucleotidepairs.Most
6、oftheextranucleotidesconsistoflongknowledgeofmolecularandcellularbiologyhasbeenpresentedstretchesofnoncodingsequences,calledintrons,thatinterrupt1,2indetailinseveraltextbooks.Anoverviewofthefieldispre-therelativelyshortsegmentsofcodingsequencescalledexons.sentedhere,withemphasis
7、onbasicconceptsandtechniques.Forexample,thethyroglobulingenehas300,000nucleotidebasesand36introns,whereasitsmRNAhasonly8700nucleo-HUMANGENOMEtidebases.TheprocesseswherebygeneticinformationencodedMendelfirstdefinedgenesasinformation-containingelementsinDNAistransferredtoRNAandpro
8、teinmoleculesaredis-thataredistributedfromparen
