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1、SpringerSeminImmunopathol(1995)17:133-148SpringerSeminarsinImmunopathology(~)Springer-Verlag1995ImmunopathologicalaspectsofcoronavirusinfectionsHdrnutWegeInstituteforDiagnosticVirology,FederalResearchCentreforVirusDiseasesofAnimals,Friedrich-Loeffler-lnstitut
2、es,D-17498InselRiems,GermanyIntroductionCoronavirusesarewidespreadpathogensthatcauseanumberofimportantdiseasesinmammalianandavianspecies.Theirpathogenicpotentialrangesfromrespiratoryandgastrointestinaldiseasestohepatitis,encephalomyelitis,vasculitisandcoagulo
3、pathies.Thefollowingdiseasesareofmajoreconomicalimportance:transmissiblegastroen-teritisandporcinerespiratorycoronavirusinfectionsinpigs,diarrheaincalves,infec-tiousbronchitisinchickens,felineinfectiousperitonitisincats[8,100].About30%ofcommoncoldsinhumanbein
4、gsareattributedtotheseviruses.Furthermore,theycauseabroadrangeofdiseasesinmiceandrats.Themajorityofcoronavirusesinduceacute,self-limitingdiseases.Themajorexceptionsareinfectionscausedbyfelineandmurinecoronaviruses.Felineinfectiousperitonitis(FIP)representsade
5、bilitatingcon-ditionbasedoninfectionofthemonocyte/macrophagelineageandisassociatedwithimmune-mediateddamage[20,65,71].Murinecoronaviruses(mousehepatitisvirus,MHV)canspreadinapparentlyormayhideaspersistentinfectionsthatmodulatetheimmuneresponse[38,100].Therefo
6、re,MHVinfectionsmayseverelyimpairresultsofexperimentalstudiesandareofmajorconcerninlivestockbreeding.Ontheotherhand,theseinfectionsareinterestingforanalysingdiseaseprocesses.MHV-JHMandMHV-A59aremainlyemployedforstudiesofvirus-induceddemyelinationinthecentraln
7、ervoussystem,whereasMHV-3isaversatilemodelforthestudyofdiseasesoftheliverandthelymphoreticularsystem.Theseaspectsconstitutethemajorfocusofthefollowingsections.StructureandreplicationofcoronavirusesTypicalcoronavirusesarepleomorphictoroundedparticleswithalipid
8、envelopesur-roundedbyafringeofsurfaceprojectionstermedspikesorpeplomers[8,42,87].Theirgenomeconsistsofalarge,single-strandedRNAmoleculecomprisingabout28-32kilobasesofnucleotides.Thisisthe
